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Biodiversity conservation in protected areas with people living inside requires an helictical approach, as the communities inside harvest natural resources to meet their daily subsistence needs. It is therefore important to improve their behavior for more conservation-friendly by reducing their involvement in activities that threaten nature conservation, by proposing alternative policy-incentives that are more comprehensive, effective, and inclusive to address indigenous people livelihoods. This research uses a choice-experience approach to propose incentives and voluntary commitments that can be easily adopted by residents in protected areas to improve their livelihoods and enhance their engagement in nature conservation. The study was conducted in the Niassa Special Reserve and Chipanje Chetu Community Conservation Area, both located in northern Mozambique. To test the hypotheses that: households accrue more conservation benefits are more willingness to embrace a more conservation friendly behavior, we conducted a survey that relating the wealth that household accrued from conservation and the likelihood of being involved in illegal resource harvesting. The results suggested that poorer household were more likely to be involved in illegal resources harvesting and not to recognize illegal harvesting of natural resources as a threat for biodiversity conservation. Incentives and voluntary commitments were then selected in two rounds of focus groups discussion conducted in the Chipanje Chetu Community Conservation Area, which were then used to compose a choice experience survey that was administered to 350 heads of household. The results suggested that providing scholarships to the household children, as well as creating cultivation farming blocks (for 7 -12 farmers), would likely be more effective incentives. Most of the household complained that it would be very hard not to convert forest areas into new agricultural fields. The results of this study can be used to formulate new policies-proposal for effective engage local people in conservation-friendly behavior.

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